Method to visualize the chronology of the universe
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, and the final minute.
The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.8 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
This graphic shows in a spiral a summary of notable events from the Big Bang to the present day. Every billion years (Ga) is represented in 90 degrees of rotation of the spiral.
In this visualization, the Big Bang took place at the beginning of January 1 at midnight, and the current moment maps onto the end of December 31 just before midnight.[1]
At this scale, there are 437.5 years per cosmic second, 1.575 million years per cosmic hour, and 37.8 million years per cosmic day.
The concept was popularized by Carl Sagan in his 1977 book The Dragons of Eden and on his 1980 television series Cosmos.[2] Sagan goes on to extend the comparison in terms of surface area, explaining that if the Cosmic Calendar is scaled to the size of a football field, then "all of human history would occupy an area the size of [his] hand".[3]
A similar analogy used to visualize the geologic time scale and the history of life on Earth is the Geologic Calendar
Cosmology [edit]
| Date | Gya (billion years ago) | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Jan | 13.8 | Big Bang, as seen through cosmic background radiation |
| 14 Jan | 13.1 | Oldest known Gamma Ray Burst |
| 22 Jan | 12.85 | First galaxies form[4] |
| 16 Mar | 11 | Milky Way Galaxy formed |
| 12 May | 8.8 | Milky Way Galaxy disk formed |
| 2 Sep | 4.57 | Formation of the Solar System |
| 6 Sep | 4.4 | Oldest rocks known on Earth |
Date in year calculated from formula
T(days) = 365 days * 0.100/13.797 ( 1- T_Gya/13.797 )
Evolution of life on Earth [edit]
| Date | Gya (billion years ago) | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 14 Sep | 4.1 | First known remains of biotic life (discovered in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia).[5] [6] |
| 21 Sep | 3.8 | First Life (Prokaryotes)[7] [8] [9] |
| 30 Sep | 3.4 | Photosynthesis |
| 29 Oct | 2.4 | Oxygenation of atmosphere |
| 9 Nov | 2 | Complex cells (Eukaryotes) |
| 5 Dec | 0.8 | First multicellular life[10] |
| 7 Dec | 0.67 | Simple animals |
| 14 Dec | 0.55 | Arthropods (ancestors of insects, arachnids) |
| 17 Dec | 0.5 | Fish and Proto-amphibians |
| 20 Dec | 0.45 | Land plants; Ordovician–Silurian extinction events |
| 21 Dec | 0.4 | Insects and seeds |
| 22 Dec | 0.36 | Amphibians; Late Devonian extinction |
| 23 Dec | 0.3 | Reptiles |
| 24 Dec | 0.25 | Permian–Triassic extinction event; 57% of all biological families and 83% of all genera die |
| 25 Dec | 0.23 | Dinosaurs |
| 26 Dec | 0.2 | Mammals; Triassic–Jurassic extinction event |
| 27 Dec | 0.15 | Birds (avian dinosaurs) |
| 28 Dec | 0.13 | Flowers |
| 30 Dec, 06:24 | 0.065 | Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, non-avian dinosaurs die out[11] |
Human evolution [edit]
| Date / time | Mya (million years ago) | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 30 Dec | 65 | Primates |
| 31 Dec, 06:05 | 15 | Apes |
| 31 Dec, 14:24 | 12.3 | Hominids |
| 31 Dec, 22:24 | 2.5 | Primitive humans and stone tools |
| 31 Dec, 23:44 | 0.4 | Domestication of fire |
| 31 Dec, 23:52 | 0.2 | Anatomically modern humans |
| 31 Dec, 23:55 | 0.11 | Beginning of most recent Glacial Period |
| 31 Dec, 23:58 | 0.035 | Sculpture and painting |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:32 | 0.012 | Agriculture |
History begins [edit]
| Date / time | kya (thousand years ago) | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 31 Dec, 23:59:33 | 12.0 | End of the last Ice Age |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:41 | 8.3 | Flooding of Doggerland |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:46 | 6.0 | Chalcolithic |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:47 | 5.5 | Early Bronze Age; Proto-writing; Building of Stonehenge Cursus |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:48 | 5.0 | First Dynasty of Egypt, Early Dynastic period in Sumer, beginning of Indus Valley Civilisation |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:49 | 4.5 | Alphabet, Akkadian Empire, wheel |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:51 | 4.0 | Code of Hammurabi, Middle Kingdom of Egypt |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:52 | 3.5 | Late Bronze Age to early Iron Age; Minoan eruption |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:53 | 3.0 | Iron Age; beginning of classical antiquity |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:54 | 2.5 | Buddha, Mahavira, Zoroaster, Confucius, Achaemenid Empire, Qin Dynasty, Classical Greece, Ashokan Empire, Vedas Completed, Euclidean geometry, Archimedean Physics, Roman Republic |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:55 | 2.0 | Ptolemaic astronomy, Roman Empire, Christ, invention of numeral 0, Gupta Empire |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:56 | 1.5 | Muhammad, Maya civilization, Song Dynasty, rise of Byzantine Empire |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:58 | 1.0 | Mongol Empire, Maratha Empire, Crusades, Christopher Columbus voyages to the Americas, Renaissance in Europe, Classical music to the time of Johann Sebastian Bach |
| 31 Dec, 23:59:59 | 0.5 | Modern History; the last 437.5 years before present. |
Future [edit]
Future of the Earth and the Solar System ("Year 2") [edit]
| Date / time | kyr(Thousand years), myr (Million years), and Byr (billion years) | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Jan, 00:00:01 | 0.5 Kyr | Anthropocene Epoch |
| 1 Jan, 00:00:23 | 10.0 Kyr | Antares explodes into a supernova |
| 1 Jan, 00:00:50 | 20.0 Kyr | Chernobyl becomes safe |
| 1 Jan, 00:00:57 | 20.0 Kyr | The Arecibo message reaches the M13 cluster |
| 1 Jan, 00:01:54 | 50.0 Kyr | Niagara Falls erodes away |
| 1 Jan, 00:03:48 | 100.0 Kyr | Proper motion makes all constellations unrecognizable |
| 1 Jan, 00:11:24 | 300.0 Kyr | WR 104 explodes |
| 1 Jan, 00:19:02 | 500.0 Kyr | Earth likely hit by 1 km asteroid |
| 1 Jan, 00:38:05 | 1.0 Myr | Pyramids of Giza erode away |
| 1 Jan, 04:34:17 | 7.2 Myr | Mount Rushmore erodes away |
| 1 Jan, 16:30 | 20.00 Myr | Eastern Africa splits apart |
| 2 Jan | 50.00 Myr | Mediterranean Sea closes up due to Europe and Africa colliding |
| 3 Jan | 100.00 Myr | Saturn loses its rings |
| 5 Jan | 180.00 Myr | Earth's day becomes one hour longer |
| 7 Jan | 240.00 Myr | Solar System completes one galactic year |
| 8 Jan | 450.00 Myr | Formation of possible new supercontinent |
| 16 Jan | 600.00 Myr | Solar eclipses no longer possible |
| 17 Jan | 700.00 Myr | Atmospheric CO2 levels too low for photosynthesis, all complex life die |
| 8 Feb | 1.0 Byr | Earth's oceans evaporate away |
| 1 Mar | 2.0 Byr | All life on Earth dies |
| 18 Mar | 3.0 Byr | Milky Way-Andromeda collision |
| 9 Apr | 4.0 Byr | Sun expands into a red giant |
| 16 Apr | 4.0 Byr | Global surface temperatures reach 1330 deg C, hot enough to melt lead |
| 28 Jul | 7.9 Byr | Sun destroys the Earth |
| 12 Aug | 8.0 Byr | Sun becomes a white dwarf |
| 31 Dec | 12.0 Byr | Solar System ceases to exist |
Future of the Universe ("Year 3" and beyond) (Fixed) [edit]
| Date / time | Byr (billion years) and above | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Year 3, 21 Mar | 100.0 Byr | Galaxies disappear beyond light horizon |
| Year 4, 13 Dec | 100 trillion | Star formation ends |
| Year 5, 11 Jul | 1 quadrillion | Sun cools down to -268 deg C |
| Year 7, 31 Dec | 3×1043 | Black Hole Era |
| Year 4.54×1098 | 1.7×1098 | Last black holes evaporate |
| Year 10100 | Dark Era begins, Heat death of the universe | |
| Year 101500 | Iron Stars form, assuming protons do not decay | |
| Year 101050 | Possible Boltzmann brain appears | |
| Year 101076 | Last black holes evaporate | |
| Year 1010120 | Final entropy state, (Dark Era begins, Heat death of the universe) | |
| Year 10101056 | Possible new Big Bang occurs |
See also [edit]
- Geologic Calendar
- Big History – Academic discipline which examines history from the Big Bang to the present
- Detailed logarithmic timeline
- List of timelines
- Timeline of ancient history
- Timeline of early modern history
- Timeline of the evolutionary history of life – Current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life
- Timeline of the far future – Scientific projections regarding the far future
- Timeline of human evolution – Chronological outline of major events in the development of the human species
- Timeline of human prehistory
- Timelines of modern history
- Timeline of natural history – Wikipedia list article
- Timeline of plant evolution – Chronological outline of major events in the development of plants
- Chronology of the universe – History and future of the universe
- Timeline of the Middle Ages – Timeline
- Cosmic time
- History of Earth – Development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day
References [edit]
- ^ Therese Puyau Blanchard (1995). "The Universe At Your Fingertips Activity: Cosmic Calendar". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Archived from the original on 2007-12-16. Retrieved 2007-12-15 .
- ^ Cosmos, episode 1 (1980)
- ^ Episode 1: The Shores of the Cosmic Ocean (Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Carl Sagan)
- ^ "First Galaxies Born Sooner After Big Bang Than Thought". Space.com . Retrieved 2015-11-07 .
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth". Excite. Yonkers, NY: Mindspark Interactive Network. Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-10-20 .
- ^ Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112 (47): 14518–21. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517557112. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC4664351. PMID 26483481. Retrieved 2015-10-20 . Early edition, published online before print.
- ^ Yoko Ohtomo; Takeshi Kakegawa; Akizumi Ishida; Toshiro Nagase; Minik T. Rosing (8 December 2013). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience. 7: 25–28. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7...25O. doi:10.1038/ngeo2025.
- ^ Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". AP News . Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology. 13 (12): 1103–24. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13.1103N. doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. PMC3870916. PMID 24205812.
- ^ Erwin, Douglas H. (9 November 2015). "Early metazoan life: divergence, environment and ecology". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 370 (20150036): 20150036. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0036. PMC4650120. PMID 26554036.
- ^ "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (@35min)". Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-03-11 .
External links [edit]
- More information on the image used for this article.
- The Cosmic Calendar in a Google Calendar format
- The Cosmic Calendar relayed in real time.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar
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